The US Democratic party will be taking a historic gamble if it now turns to Vice President Kamala Harris to become its presidential candidate, betting that a black woman can overcome racism, sexism and her own missteps as a politician to defeat Republican Donald Trump.

American President Joe Biden, 81, announced on Sunday he was ending his campaign for reelection, while staying on as president for the remainder of his term. In a separate post on X, formerly Twitter, he endorsed Harris.

“My very first decision as the party nominee in 2020 was to pick Kamala Harris as my Vice President. And it’s been the best decision I’ve made,” Biden wrote. “Today I want to offer my full support and endorsement for Kamala to be the nominee of our party this year.”

Biden’s decision comes after weeks of pressure from Democratic lawmakers and donors who feared he lacked the mental and physical stamina to win and serve four more years.

In more than two centuries of democracy, American voters have elected only one black president and never a woman, a record that makes even some black voters wonder if Harris can crash through the hardest ceiling in U.S. politics.

“Will her race and gender be an issue? Absolutely,” said LaTosha Brown, a political strategist and co-founder of the Black Voters Matter Fund.

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Harris would face other big challenges: if promoted to the top of the ticket, she would have barely three months to campaign and unite the party and donors behind her. But many Democrats are excited about her chances.

Harris, 59, is two decades younger than Trump and a leader in the party on abortion rights, an issue which resonates with younger voters and Democrats’ progressive base. Proponents argue she would energize those voters, consolidate black support, and bring sharp debating skills to prosecute the political case against the former president.

Her candidacy would offer a contrast with Trump and his vice presidential running mate, Senator J.D. Vance, the two white men on the Republican ticket, Brown said.

“That to me is reflective of America’s past. She is reflective of America’s now and future,” Brown said.

But despite earning praise in the last few weeks for her strong defense of Biden, some Democrats remain concerned about Harris’ shaky first two years in office, short-lived campaign for the 2020 Democratic nomination, and – perhaps most of all – the weight of a long history of racial and gender discrimination in the United States.

‘No safe option’

In a hypothetical head-to-head matchup, Harris and Trump were tied with 44% support each in a July 15 to July 16 Reuters/Ipsos poll, conducted immediately after the assassination attempt against Trump. Trump led Biden 43% to 41% in that same poll, though the 2 percentage point difference was within the poll’s 3 percentage point margin of error.

Harris’s approval ratings, while low, are a tick higher than Biden’s. According to polling outfit Five Thirty Eight, 38.6 percent of Americans approve of Harris while 50.4 percent disapprove. Biden has 38.5 percent approval and 56.2 percent disapproval.

“If you think that there is consensus among the people who want Joe Biden to leave that they will support Kamala – Vice President Harris – you would be mistaken,” Representative Alexandra Ocasio-Cortez, a Biden supporter, said on Instagram. “There’s no safe option.”

The United States elected Barack Obama, the first and only black president, in 2008. The only woman to head a presidential ticket of a major party, Hillary Clinton, lost to Trump in 2016.

Supporters of Harris, the first woman and first black and South Asian person to serve as vice president, argue she has already weathered unfair attacks related to her race and gender and is prepared for more.

“America has a history of racism, sexism, so I’m sure that will factor into this conversation, factor into her campaign,” said Jamal Simmons, a former Harris aide.

But he said there is a flip side: black voters could be galvanized if Harris is put at the top of the ticket, and women, including some who regret not voting for Clinton in 2016, would back her as well.

“It’s also true that she will benefit from her race and her gender, that many African Americans may rally to her candidacy,” he said.

Harris benefits from greater name recognition than the other Democratic leaders who have been floated as potential presidential candidates, he said. California Governor Gavin Newsom and Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer are among those talked about in Democratic circles as possible replacements.

“While she has flaws and faults like everyone, we know those flaws and faults, so you can build a campaign with clarity. Any other candidates are complete unknowns,” Simmons said.

One former Democratic lawmaker, speaking on condition of anonymity, said he thought Harris was a bigger risk because of her record than her race.

Harris was plagued by staff turnover at the beginning of her vice presidency and showed little progress on her portfolios of protecting voting rights and stemming migration from Central America.

“I think the race thing is just a compounding factor or an exacerbating factor,” the former lawmaker said. “Any of it’s going to be a gamble, but I like the odds with another candidate, even if that means Kamala at the top of the ticket.”

‘Patriarchy is a hell of a drug’

Critics have accused Trump of using racist and sexist language, explicitly and in code. In 2020 he said he had “heard” Harris, a U.S. citizen born in California, did not qualify to be a candidate for vice president.

At a rally in Michigan on Saturday, Trump piled on Harris for the way she laughs.

“I call her Laughing Kamala,” Trump said. “You ever watch her laugh? She’s crazy.”

Trump’s campaign said Democrats were deploying “classic disinformation” about his language and noted Harris’s dispute with Biden in a 2019 debate about school busing and her criticism of Biden for working with segregationists in the Senate.

“In contrast, President Trump is polling at record-high levels with African Americans,” Trump campaign senior adviser Jason Miller said in a statement.

Trump made false “birtherism” claims against Obama, who was born in Hawaii. Those falsehoods gained traction among far-right activists and his nationalist base, prompting an exasperated Obama, blasting “carnival barkers,” to release a longer version of his birth certificate from the White House.

Polling at the time showed a quarter of all Americans – and 45 percent of Republicans – believed Obama had not been born in the country.

“You’ve got birtherism 2.0,” said Cliff Albright, co-founder and CEO of Black Voters Matter Fund, an Atlanta-based non-profit, referring to Harris.

Nadia Brown, director of the women’s and gender studies program at Georgetown University, said despite the rise of black political leaders, there remains a notable reluctance to accept women in key leadership roles.

“Patriarchy is a hell of a drug,” Brown said. “With racism, we know it, we can call it out. The mood that we’re not seeing as articulately expressed is a real reticence to have a black woman in particular as a leader.”

Harris’s standing in the party has improved with her aggressive advocacy for reproductive rights after the Supreme Court in 2022 struck down Roe v Wade, which protected women’s right to abortion.

Biden credited her with helping to prevent a “red wave” of Republican victories in that year’s midterm elections, and Harris has crisscrossed the country as a top campaign spokesperson on abortion rights.

Harris could also inherit Biden’s strong support among black voters, who helped propel him to the 2020 Democratic nomination.

But if the party ends up coalescing around Harris, she could receive some of the blame from voters who say Democratic leaders covered up Biden’s frailties.

“I’m kind of done with the Democrats. So many knew about Biden’s condition and hid it. Kamala was part of that,” said Gina Gannon, 65, a retiree in the battleground state of Georgia, who voted for Trump in 2016 and Biden in 2020.